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Thankfully, In this case we were able to contact the software vendor and get the problem solved very quickly, preventing any further crashes and loss of productivity. Once we had identified the device driver, we could identify the manufacturer and get help from their technical support department.
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So, the search for the “SbAp” tag returned one driver file: klif.sys.įigure 6 – Using strings.exe to find the driver Since the tag is stored inside the driver file, and most driver files are in %SystemRoot%\System32\drivers, we can easily use strings.exe to quickly search all the files for the tag. If the tag isn’t listed in pooltag.txt, then we need to find it using the Sysinternals’ Strings utility, strings.exe, to hunt it down. If the tag is used by a kernel component or driver, and the Debugging Tools for Windows are installed, then the tag will be listed in the triage\pooltag.txt file located in the debugging tools folder.
![poolmon.exe startup command poolmon.exe startup command](https://images.nintendolife.com/screenshots/4818/large.jpg)
Now that we know the tag we’re looking for, we need to find out which device driver is using it, and there are a couple of ways to do this.
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This looks like the likely cause of the memory leak. The top line of the output is showing that the tag “ SbAp” has made 2,187,628 allocations of 56 bytes and no frees, resulting in 122,507,168 bytes of nonpaged pool use – by far the biggest consumer on the system, and responsible for over 60% of the pool use. With the output set to nonpaged and sorted by bytes, the display could look similar to this: Poolmon displays the amount of pool storage (both paged and nonpaged) in use, all of which is categorized by a pool tag, which is usually a four-character string used when calling the kernel APIs for allocating pool storage.Īfter launching poolmon, press the ‘ p‘ key to filter for paged or nonpaged pool, the ‘ b‘ key to sort the output by bytes, or the ‘ d‘ key to sort by the difference between pool allocations and pool frees.
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The tool for this job is the Memory Pool Monitor, poolmon.exe, which is included in the Windows Support Tools on the Windows Server 2003 CD, or alternatively can be downloaded from the Microsoft Download Centre as part of the Windows Server 2003 Support Tools package. Armed with this knowledge and data, the next step was clearly to find out exactly which driver or component is consuming the pool. We quickly realised that what we were seeing was most likely a memory leak in a driver or kernel component. Once the tools are downloaded and installed, launch Process Explorer and click Options -> Symbol Configuration, point it to the dbghelp.dll file installed with the Debugging Tools, and configure Microsoft’s symbol server as the symbol file path. (The debugging tools are required to provide access to debugging symbols.)
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One way to see the nonpaged pool limit on a specific system is to install the Debugging Tools for Windows, and then use Sysinternals’ Process Explorer to display the pool size. Pool size data is from Mark Russinovich and David Solomon’s book “Windows Internals, 5th Edition”, and Mark Russinovich’s blog posting “ Push the Limit’s of Windows: Paged and Nonpaged Pool “. 64-bit Windows Server 2008 (or 2008 R2) will have a nonpaged pool limit of either 128GB or slightly more than 75% of physical memory, whichever is smaller.64-bit Windows Server 2003 will have a nonpaged pool of either 128GB or 40% of physical memory, whichever is smaller.
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32-bit Windows Server 2008 will have a nonpaged pool limit of either 2GB or slightly more than 75% of physical memory, whichever is smallerĦ4-bit operating systems, which have a much larger address space, have higher limits:.32-bit Windows Server 2003 with 2GB or more of RAM will have a nonpaged pool limit of 256MB.For example, 32-bit operating systems, with their smaller address spaces, have lower limits: The amount of memory allocated to the nonpaged pool varies, and is determined as a function of operating system, processor architecture, and physical memory size.
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It is used by the kernel and also by device drivers installed on a system to store data which might be accessed in situations when page faults are not allowed. The nonpaged pool is memory which always resides in physical memory – it is never paged out. Thankfully, the error message in the event log gave us a clear indication as to why the systems were in trouble, and allowed us to troubleshoot and diagnose the problem. Troubleshooting Nonpaged and Paged Pool Errors in Windows - Simple Talk